Tuesday 5 November 2013

>ಮಂಗಳದೆಡೆಗೆ ಇಂದು ನೆಗೆಯಲಿದೆ ಇಸ್ರೋ ಬಂಡಿ

ಇಂದು, 05.11.2013, ಏರುಹೊತ್ತು 2.38 ಕ್ಕೆ ಇಸ್ರೋ ಅಣಿಗೊಳಿಸಿರುವ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿ ಮಂಗಳ (Mars) ಸುತ್ತುಗದೆಡೆಗೆ ಚಿಮ್ಮಲಿದೆ. ಆಂದ್ರಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಶ್ರೀಹರಿಕೋಟ ಏರುನೆಲೆಯಿಂದ ಬಾನಿಗೆ ಹಾರಲಿರುವ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿ (spacecraft), ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ನಮ್ಮ ಇಸ್ರೋದ (ISRO) ಅರಿಮೆಯ ಕಸುವನ್ನು ಎತ್ತಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಿದೆ.
MOM_1
(ಶ್ರೀಹರಿಕೋಟಾದ ಏರುನೆಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು ಬಾನಿಗೇರಿಸಲು ಅಣಿಯಾಗಿರುವ PSLV C25 ಏರುಬಂಡಿ)
ಇಸ್ರೋ ಕಯ್ಗೊಳ್ಳಲಿರುವ ಈ ಹಮ್ಮುಗೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಮಂಗಳ ಸುತ್ತುಗದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತುಸು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳೋಣ ಬನ್ನಿ.
ಮಂಗಳ, ನೇಸರ ಕೂಟದಲ್ಲಿನ (solar system) ಎರಡನೇ ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಸುತ್ತುಗ. (ಬುದ ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಚಿಕ್ಕದು) ನೆಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮಂಗಳವು ನೇಸರನಿಂದ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಗೆ ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದು, ನೇಸರನಿಂದ ಅದರ ಸರಾಸರಿ ದೂರ 1.5 ಬಾನಳತೆ (Astronomical Unit – AU) ಅಂದರೆ ಸುಮಾರು 23,00,00,000 ಕಿಲೋ ಮೀಟರಗಳಾಗಿವೆ.
ಮಂಗಳ ತನ್ನದೇ ಸುತ್ತ ಒಂದು ಸುತ್ತ ತಿರುಗಲು ಸರಿ ಸುಮಾರು ನೆಲದಶ್ಟೇ ಹೊತ್ತನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದರಿಂದ, ಅದರ ಒಂದು ದಿನ ಸುಮಾರು ನೆಲದಶ್ಟು ಅಂದರೆ 24 ಗಂಟೆಗಳ ಗಡುವು ಹೊಂದಿದೆ. ನೇಸರನ ಸುತ್ತ ಒಂದು ಸುತ್ತು ಹಾಕಲು ಮಂಗಳಕ್ಕೆ ಸುಮಾರು 687 ದಿನಗಳು ಬೇಕು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಅದರ ಒಂದು ವರುಶದಲ್ಲಿ 687 ದಿನಗಳಿರುತ್ತವೆ. ದುಂಡಳತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಸುಮಾರು ಅರ‍್ದದಶ್ಟಿರುವ ಮಂಗಳದ ರಾಶಿ (mass) ನೆಲದ 11% ರಶ್ಟಿದೆ.
ಮಂಗಳದ ಮೇಲ್ಮೆ ತುಂಬಾ ಚಳಿಯಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ್ದು, ಅದರ ಸರಾಸರಿ ಬಿಸುಪು (temperature) -63 ಡಿ.ಸೆ. ಆಗಿದೆ. ನೆಲದಂತೆ ಮಂಗಳವೂ ಕೂಡ ಹಲವಾರು ಬಗೆಯ ಜಲ್ಲಿ, ಅದಿರುಗಳನ್ನು ತನ್ನೊಡಲೊಳಗೆ ಅಡಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಮಂಗಳ ಸುತ್ತುಗದ ಮೇಲ್ಮೆಯ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪಾಲು ಕಬ್ಬಿಣದ ಆಕ್ಸಾಯಡ್‍ನಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದುದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಅದರ ಮಯ್ ಬಣ್ಣ ಕೆಂಪಾಗಿ ಕಾಣುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಇದನ್ನು ’ಕೆಂಪು ಸುತ್ತುಗ’ (Red Planet) ಅಂತಾನೂ ಕರೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.
Mars
(1999 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಹಬಲ್ ನೋಟುಕದ ಮೂಲಕ ಕಂಡುಬಂದ ಮಂಗಳ ಸುತ್ತುಗದ ನೋಟ)
ಮಂಗಳ, ನೆಲದಾಚೆಗಿನ ಬದುಕಿನ ಹುಡುಕಾಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಮನುಶ್ಯರ ಕುತೂಹಲ ಆಗಾಗ ಕೆರಳಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವ ಸುತ್ತುಗ. ಬದುಕಿಗೆ ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಕ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಬೇಕಾದ ನೀರು, ಮಂಗಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಇರಬಹುದು ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ಒಂದು ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಇದ್ದಿರಬಹುದು ಅನ್ನುವಂತ ವಿಶಯಗಳು ಅರಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗಾಗ ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಮಂಗಳದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ತುಂಬಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಒತ್ತಡದಿಂದಾಗಿ ನೀರು ಒಂದು ವೇಳೆ ಇದ್ದರೂ, ಅದು ತುಂಬಾ ಗಟ್ಟಿ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಇರಬಹುದು. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಜೀವಿಗಳು ಹುಟ್ಟಲು ಮತ್ತು ಬದುಕುಳಿಯಲು ತುಂಬಾ ಪಾಡು ಪಡೆಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ಬದುಕು, ಬದುಕುಳಿಯುವಲ್ಲಿ ಏನೇ ತೊಡಕುಗಳಿದ್ದರೂ ಮಂಗಳ ಕುರಿತಾದ ಅರಕೆಯಂತೂ ಇನ್ನೂ ಬಿರುಸಾಗಿಯೇ ಮುಂದುವರೆಯುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಕ್ಯ ಕಾರಣವೆಂದರೆ ನೇಸರ ಕೂಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಬದುಕುಳಿಯಲು ಬೇಕಾದಂತಹ ತಕ್ಕಮಟ್ಟಿನ ಸುತ್ತಣವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರಬಹುದಾದ ’ನೆಲೆಯೊಡಲು’ (habitable zone) ಶುಕ್ರ ಸುತ್ತುಗದಿಂದ ಹಿಡಿದು ಮಂಗಳದ ಅರ‍್ದ ಬಾಗದವರೆಗೆ ಹರಡಿಕೊಂಡಿರುವುದು.
’ಮಂಗಳ ಸುತ್ತುವ ಹಮ್ಮುಗೆ’ (Mars Orbiter Mission – MOM) ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರಿಸಲಾಗಿರುವ ಈ ಹಮ್ಮುಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ, ಬಾನಬಂಡಿ ಸುಮಾರು 299 ದಿನಗಳ ಪಯಣದ ನಂತರ ಮಂಗಳದ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಸೇರಲಿದ್ದು, ಆ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸುತ್ತುತ್ತಾ ಮಂಗಳದ ಕುರಿತು ವಿಶಯಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಸಲಿದೆ.
ನೆಲದಾಚೆಗೆ ಇಶ್ಟೊಂದು ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು ಕಳಿಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದು ಇಸ್ರೋದ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಇದೇ ಮೊದಲು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಮಂಗಳ ಸುತ್ತುಗದ ಕುರಿತಾಗಿ ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದರ ಜತೆಗೆ ಅಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು ಕಳುಹಿಸಲು ಮತ್ತು ಅಶ್ಟು ದೂರದವರೆಗೆ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಒಡನಾಡಲು ಬೇಕಾದ ಚಳಕಗಳನ್ನು ಕಯ್ಗೂಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು ಇಸ್ರೋದ ಮುಕ್ಯ ಗುರಿ.
ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು ಮಂಗಳದ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿಸುವ ಕೆಲಸ ಮೂರು ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಲಿದೆ. ಈ ಮೂರು ಹಂತಗಳನ್ನು ಕೆಳಗಿನ ತಿಟ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.
Spacecraft_trajectoryMars orbitter mission
(ಬಾನಬಂಡಿ ಸಾಗಾಟದ ಮೇಲ್ನೋಟ)
1. ನೆಲ ನಡುವಣದ ಹಂತ (Geo Centric Phase): ಈ ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಏರುಬಂಡಿ ತನ್ನ 6 ಮುಕ್ಯ ಬಿಣಿಗೆಗಳ ನೆರವಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು 918347 ಕಿ.ಲೋ. ದೂರದಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲದಂಚಿನ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಾಕಾರದ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಚಿಮ್ಮಲಿದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿ ತನ್ನದೇ ಕಸುವಿನಿಂದ ಮಂಗಳದೆಡೆಗೆ ಸಾಗಬೇಕು. ಇಸ್ರೋದ ಮುಂದಿರುವ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸವಾಲೆಂದರೆ ತುಂಬಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಉರುವಲು ಬಳಸಿ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು ಮಂಗಳದ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯವರೆಗೆ ಸಾಗಿಸುವುದು.
ಇದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ’ಹೋಮನ್ ಸಾಗಾಣಿಕೆಯ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿ’ (Hohmann transfer orbit) ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ’ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಕಸುವಿನ ಸಾಗಾಣಿಕೆಯ ತಿರುಗದಾರಿ’ (minimum energy transfer orbit) ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುವ ಬಗೆಯನ್ನು ಇಸ್ರೋ ಆಯ್ದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಈ ಬಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯು ’ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಾಕಾರದ’ (elliptical) ದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಗಿ ನೆಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಬೇರೆ ಎತ್ತರದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಮಂಗಳದ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯನ್ನು ಸೇರಲಿದೆ.
2. ನೇಸರ ನಡುವಣದ ಹಂತ (Helio Centric Phase): ತನ್ನ ಪಯಣದ ಕೊನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯು ಮಂಗಳದ ತಿರುಗುದಾರಿಯನ್ನು, ಮಂಗಳ ಅಲ್ಲಿರುವಾಗಲೇ ಸೇರಲಿದೆ. ಈ ಬಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಗಳ ಹತ್ತಿರವಾಗುವುದು ಎರಡು ವರಶಕ್ಕೊಮ್ಮೆ. ನೇಸರ, ನೆಲ ಮತ್ತು ಮಂಗಳ ಒಂದಕ್ಕೊಂದು 44 ಡಿಗ್ರಿ ಕೋನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂದಾಗ ಇಂತ ಆಗುಹ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ.
3. ಮಂಗಳಿಗರ ಹಂತ (Martian Phase): ಜಗತ್ತಿನ ಹಲವಾರು ಕಟ್ಟುಕತೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಗಳದಲ್ಲಿ ನಮ್ಮಂತೆ ಜೀವಿಗಳಿವೆ ಅನ್ನುವ ಕತೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೆಣೆಯಲಾಗಿದ್ದು, ಮಂಗಳದ ಜೀವಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮಂಗಳಿಗರು (Martians) ಅಂತಾ ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅರಿಮೆಯ ನೆಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ಮಂಗಳದ ಎಲ್ಲೆಯನ್ನು ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ಬಳಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ಈ ಎಲ್ಲೆ ಮಂಗಳದ ಸುತ್ತ 5,73,473 ಕಿ.ಮೀ.ವರೆಗೆ ಹರಡಿಕೊಂಡಿದೆ. ಇಸ್ರೋದ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿ ತನ್ನ ಮೂರನೇ ಹಂತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಂಗಳಿಗರ ಈ ಪ್ರದೇಶವನ್ನು ಹೊಕ್ಕಲಿದ್ದು, ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಮಂಗಳದ ಸುತ್ತ ತಿರುಗುತ್ತ ತನ್ನ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಆರಂಬಿಸಲಿದೆ.
ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ಸಲಕರಣೆಗಳು:
Spacecraft_parts
ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯನ್ನು ನಡೆಸಲು ಬೇಕಾದ ಕಸುವು ನೀಡುವ ನೇಸರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು, ಉರುವಲು ತೊಟ್ಟಿ ಮತ್ತು ಇಸ್ರೋ ನೆಲೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಒಡನಾಡಲು ಬೇಕಾದ ನಿಲುಕುಗಳ ಜತೆಗೆ ಬಾನಬಂಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಸಲಕರಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ಅಳವಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ.
1. ಲೇಮನ್ ಅಲ್ಪಾ ಬೆಳಕಿನಳಕ (Lyman-Alpha Photometer-LAP): ಈ ಸಲಕರಣೆಯು ಮಂಗಳದ ಸುತ್ತಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಡಿಟೋರಿಯಮ್ ಮತ್ತು ಹಯಡ್ರೋಜನ್‍ಗಳ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಅಳೆಯಲಿದೆ. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಮಂಗಳದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ನೀರು ಕಾಣಿಯಾದ ಬಗೆಯನ್ನು ತಿಳಿಯಲು ನೆರವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
2. ಮಂಗಳದ ಮಿತೇನ್ ತಿಳಿಯುಕ (Methane sensor for Mars-MSM): ಈ ಸಲಕರಣೆಯಿಂದ ಮಂಗಳದ ಮೇಲ್ಮೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಮಿತೇನ್ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವನ್ನು ಅಳೆಯಲಾಗುವುದು.
3. ಮಂಗಳ ಹೊರಸುತ್ತಣ ಒರೆಹಚ್ಚುಕ (Mars exospheric neutral composition analyzer-MENCA): ಇದು ಮಂಗಳದ ಹೊರ ಹೊದಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿನ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಒರೆಗೆಹಚ್ಚಲಿದೆ.
4. ಮಂಗಳದ ಬಣ್ಣದ ತಿಟ್ಟುಕ (Mars color camera-MCC): ಇದನ್ನು ಬಳಸಿ ಮಂಗಳ ಮೇಲ್ಮೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಸುತ್ತಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುವ ಇತರ‍ ವಸ್ತುಗಳ ತಿಟ್ಟಗಳನ್ನು ಸೆರೆಹಿಡಿಯಲಾಗುವುದು. ಜತೆಗೆ ಮಂಗಳದ ಮರಿ-ಸುತ್ತುಗಗಳಾದ ಪೋಬೋಸ್ ಮತ್ತು ಡಿಮೋಸ್ ಕುರಿತಾಗಿಯೂ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ಕಲೆಹಾಕಲಾಗುವುದು.
5. ಬಿಸುಪು ಸೂಸಳೆಯುಕ (Thermal infrared imaging spectrometer-TIS): ಇದರಿಂದ ಮಂಗಳದ ಮೇಲ್ಮೆ ಸೂಸುವ ಬಿಸುಪು ಅಳೆಯಲಾಗುವುದು. ಇದರ ನೆರವಿನಿಂದ ಮಂಗಳದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ಅದಿರುಗಳ ಗುಣಗಳನ್ನು ತಿಳಿದುಕೊಳ್ಳಲಾಗುವುದು.
ಬಾನರಿಮೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ದಿಟ್ಟ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆಯಿಡಲು ಅಣಿಯಾಗಿರುವ ನಮ್ಮ ಇಸ್ರೋ ಕೂಟಕ್ಕೆ ಗೆಲುವಾಗಲೆಂದು ಹಾರಯ್ಸೋಣ.

Saturday 2 November 2013

>Modern History of India

 
 

The Indian National Congress:

 
• Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.
• First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
• In the first two decades (1885 – 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity.
• But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).

Partition f Bengal:

• By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
• The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
• A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
Swadeshi Movement (1905):
• Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
• INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by G.K.Gokhale.
• Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.
Formation of Muslim League (1906):
• Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
• It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
Demand for Swaraj:
• In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt) as the goal of Indian people.
Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):
• The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G.K.Gokhale.
Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):
• Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
• Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims to the Government’s side.
Ghadar Party (1913):
• Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.
• HQ was at San Francisco.
Home Rule Movement (1916):
• Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
• Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.
• Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth right and I will have it.
Lucknow Pact (1916):
• Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings among Muslims.
• Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion status for the country).
August Declaration (1917):
• After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This came to be called the August Declaration.
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):
• This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
• Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):
• People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
• General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
• As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
• Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.
• Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
• On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
Khilafat Movement (1920):
• Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty that followed the First World War.
• Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.
Non-cooperation Movement (1920):
• It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.
• Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.
Chauri –Chaura Incident (1922):
• A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.
• This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.
Simon Commission (1927):
• Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
• Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
• The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.
Lahore Session (1929):
• On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
• On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities:
• The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
• In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
• In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).
• In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of “India Office” in London.
• In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
• In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur. They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
• They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.
• Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
• Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near Ferozepur.
• In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible conditions in jail.
• Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In 1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
• In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Dandi March (1930):
• Also called the Salt Satyagraha.
• Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.
• He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.
• He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.
First Round Table conference (1930):
• It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
• Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were there.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):
• Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji and the government.
• The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
• In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the second round table conference.
• The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.
Second Round Table Conference (1931):
• Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay Macdonald.
• However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.
The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):
• Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
• Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women and even Backward classes.
• Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.
Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):
• After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place almost everywhere.
• Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became active.
• Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).
• In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932):
• Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Demand For Pakistan:
• In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim State within the federation.
• Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
• Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
• Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in 1940.
The Cripps Mission – 1942:
• In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
• The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
• He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
• Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.
• Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:
• Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.
• The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.
• On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.
• The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout the country.
• The movement was however crushed.
The Indian National Army:
• Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
• S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to him.
• The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia.
• Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
• INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive women force.
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):
• The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
• The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their proposals.
• On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States was suggested.
• Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):
• Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the Governor-General remained as its President.Jinnah’s Direct
Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):
• Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
• Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.
• It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
• Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):
• The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as its president.
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):
• On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for the solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
• India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
• Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would be held.
• There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution.
• The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even remain independent.
• Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
• The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):
• All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
• At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
• Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the French.

Tuesday 8 October 2013

>NOBLE AWARDS 2013 DETAILS;

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

François Englert

François Englert

Peter W. Higgs

Peter W. Higgs

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"



The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman

James E. Rothman

Randy W. Schekman

Randy W. Schekman

Thomas C. Südhof

Thomas C. Südhof

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 was awarded jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells".




The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013
Alice Munro

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013

Alice Munro

Alice Munro

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 was awarded to Alice Munro "master of the contemporary short story".

>NOBLE AWARDS 2013 DETAILS;

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

François Englert

François Englert

Peter W. Higgs

Peter W. Higgs

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter W. Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"



The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman

James E. Rothman

Randy W. Schekman

Randy W. Schekman

Thomas C. Südhof

Thomas C. Südhof

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 was awarded jointly to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells".



The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013
Alice Munro

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013

Alice Munro

Alice Munro

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 was awarded to Alice Munro "master of the contemporary short story".

Saturday 5 October 2013

>QUESTIONS ON GANDHI & SHASTRIJI



L.B. Shastri Quiz QUESTIONS
1) When was Lal Bahadur Shastri sworn in as Prime Minister of India?
a) 27 May 1964
b) 9 June 1964
c) 28 July 1979
d) 26 January 1965
2) Which was Lal Bahadur Shastri’s party when he was Prime Minister?
a) Congress
b) PWP
c) Janata
d) Swatantra
3) When was Lal Bahadur Shastri born?
a) 14 September 1861
b) 2 October 1904
c) 15 May 1931
d) 15 March 1904
4) Which society did Lal Bahadur Shastri join?
a) Servants of India Society
b) Servants of the People Society
c) Brahmo Samaj
d) Arya Samaj
5) From which institute did Lal Bahadur Shastri get the title Shastri? (This became part of this name.)
a) Allahabad University
b) Kashi Vidya Peetha
c) Jnandeep Vidyapeeth
d) Delhi University
6) Which accident made Lal Bahadur Shastri resign as Railway Minister?
a) Ariyalur
b) Amritsar
c) Patna
d) Kharagpur
7) When did Lal Bahadur Shastri become Home Minister of India?
a) 1950
b) 1952
c) 1956
d) 1961
8) Which slogan is attributed to Lal Bahadur Shastri?
a) Jai Hind
b) Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
c) Jai Bharat
d) Jai Konkan
9) Where did Lal Bahadur Shastri die?
a) Delhi
b) Tashkent
c) Moscow
d) Bombay
10) Where is Lal Bahadur Shastri’s memorial?
a) Rajghat
b) Shantivana
c) Shakti Sthal
d) Vijayghat
Lal Bahadur Shastri Quiz Answers
1) When was Lal Bahadur Shastri sworn in as Prime Minister of India?
Ans: 9 June 1964
2) Which was Lal Bahadur Shastri’s party when he was Prime Minister?
Ans: Congress
3) When was Lal Bahadur Shastri born?
Ans: 2 October 1904
4) Which society did Lal Bahadur Shastri join?
Ans: Servants of the People Society
5) From which institute did Lal Bahadur Shastri get the title Shastri? (This became part of this name.)
Ans: Kashi Vidya Peetha
6) Which accident made Lal Bahadur Shastri resign as Railway Minister?
Ans:  Ariyalur
7) When did Lal Bahadur Shastri become Home Minister of India?
Ans: 1961
8) Which slogan is attributed to Lal Bahadur Shastri?
Ans:  Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan
9) Where did Lal Bahadur Shastri die?
Ans: Tashkent
10) Where is Lal Bahadur Shastri’s memorial?
Ans:  Vijayghat


GANDHI M K

1. Mahatma Gandhi was born as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on?
1869 October 2
He was born in the Porbandar city of Gujarat. His father, Karamchand Gandhi was the diwan of Porbandar.
Mother: - Putlibai.

2. Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, October 2nd is observed as?
International Day of Non-Violence.
United Nations General Assembly decided to observe this day as International Day of Non-Violence from 2007

3. Gandhiji was married to?
Kasturba Makhanji, she is later known as Kasturba Gandhi. Gandhiji was married at the age of 13 and had four sons Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas.

4. Gandhi went to University College of London to study as a barrister in the year?
1888

5. When did Gandhi travel to South Africa for legal work?
1893

6. Organization started by Gandhiji in 1894 that aimed to fight discrimination against Indians in South Africa?
Natal Indian Congress

7. Name the Newspaper established by Mahatma Gandhi which was an important tool for the political movement led by Gandhi and the Natal Indian Congress to fight racial discrimination and win civil rights for the Indian immigrant community in South Africa.
The Indian Opinion

8. Gandhi returned from South Africa in?
1915 January 9.

9. Which Satyagraha was the first to be started by Gandhiji in India?
Champaran in 1918

10. Which day is observed as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas every year as it was on this day in 1915 that Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa?
January 9. From 2003, this day is observed as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas

11. Gandhi spent how many years in South Africa.?
21

12. Gandhiji jailed for the first time in?
1908 in Pretoria

13. Gandhiji started “Navjeevan” weekly in which language?
Gujrathi

14. Gandhiji led Dandi March (Salt Satyagrah) which started on March 12, 1930 departing from Sabarmati Ashram, to reach the coast at Dandi, on 6th of April. How many followers accompanied him in that march?
78

15. Gandhiji launched his weekly "Harijan" in the year?
1933

16. Gandhiji made the slogan “Do or Die” for?
Quit India Movement

17. Mahatma Gandhi was referred to as the “Father of the Nation” first by?
Subhash Chandra Bose

18. Gandhiji was referred to as the “Mahatma” first by?
Ravindra Nath Tagore

19. Gandhiji became the president of Indian National Congress in?
1924 at the Belgaum session of Indian National Congress

20. At which place did the British Government arrest Gandhiji for sedition for the first time?
Ahmedabad

21. Who was the private secretary of Mahatma Gandhi?
Mahadev Desai

22. French Novelist who wrote the biography of Gandhiji?
Romain Rolland , a French dramatist, essayist, art historian and mystic who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1915 wrote the biography of Gandhiji “Mahatma Gandhi”

23. The book written by Gandhiji which is considered as an interpretation/commentary of Bhagavad Geetha ?
Anasakti Yoga

24. Gandhiji arrived Kerala for the fist time in ?
1920 August 18
He visited Kerala five times. His last visit was in 1936 November 13

25. Mahatma Gandhi applied his Satyagraha first against:
The raciest authorities of South Africa

26. From whose book an instantaneous and practical information was brought about in Mahatma Gandhi’s life:
John Ruskin

27. The idea of Gramaswaraj was first proposed by ?
Mahatma Gandhi

28. Death of Mahatma Gandhi was in?
1948

29. Where did Gandhiji undertake his first hunger strike in India?
Ahmedabad

30. Who called Gandhiji “a half naked fakir”?
Winston Churchill

31. The film “Making of Mahatma” is directed by ?
Syam Benegal

32. Gandhiji founded All India Harijan Singh in ?
1932

33. In how many days was the 356 Km journey from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi covered on foot by Gandhiji and his followers?
24 days

34.Chauri Chaura incident prompted Gandhiji to halt which movement?
Non Cooperation Movement

35. Who assassinated Gandhiji?
Nathuram Godse. Gandhiji was shot on january 30, 1948 by a hindu fellow named Nathuram Godse.

36. In the film”Gandhi” which actor played the role of Gandhiji ?
Ben Kingsley
The film is directed by Richard Attenborough.

37. Gandhiji’s famous Harijan- uplift tour started from?
Wardha

38. “In nature there is enough for everyone’s need, but too little for everyone’s greed” These are the words from the famous leader?
Mahatma Gandhi

39."Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as [Gandhi] ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth." Who said these words about Gandhiji?
Albert Einstein


African Gandhi: - Kenneth Kaunda
American Gandhi: - Martin Luther King
Sri Lankan Gandhi: - A. T. Ariyaratne
Modern Gandhi:-Baba Amte
Bihar Gandhi: Dr.Rajendra Prasad
Delhi Gandhi:- C.Krishnan Nair
Burmese Gandhi:- Aung San Suu Kyi
Kosovo Gandhi: Ibrahim Rugova
South African Gandhi:Nelson Mandela
Frontier Gandhi: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Kerala Gandhi:-K.Kelappan
Mayyazhi Gandhi:-I.K.Kumaran Master

Monday 12 August 2013

>ISRO Website in KANNADA



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